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Preparedness Planning

The direct link between the existence of thorough, well-developed written plans and the effectiveness of an emergency animal disease response is well established. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations good preparedness planning can be of enormous benefit in successfully managing an outbreak and minimising its impact. Planning should involve a consideration of how best to rapidly detect an outbreak, confirm the diagnosis and implement a rapid and effective control program. It requires an assessment of veterinary service capabilities and capacity and the legal framework in which these services operate. The structure of national poultry industries should be examined to determine the potential for entry of a virus. Industry support should be sought in the planning process. Provision for good public awareness programs should be made as it is critical to have public support for disease control activities and good public knowledge to minimise the risk of human infection.

 

Material contained within this chapter of the toolkit includes:

  • OIE’s PVS tool that assists countries to assess their veterinary services to determine their current level of performance and identify gaps and priority areas for future work
  • FAO’s guidance on the development of preparedness plans, including the key elements that must be taken into account in order to develop an effective preparedness strategy
  • mechanisms to assist implementation of a coordinated national approach to preparedness planning
  • guidance on how to develop technical and disease-specific contingency plans
  • principles of risk analysis as a component of emergency animal disease preparedness planning
  • guidelines to assist countries to develop systems to support the continuation of business in times of a human influenza pandemic
  • examples of avian and pandemic influenza preparedness plans
  • information on current research initiatives.

Case Studies

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  • Best Practices in Scaling Up Case Study

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    17/08/2009 3:23:44 PM
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    This article by John Snow Inc. offers advice on how to improve logistics systems to support scaling up of commodity supply chains for health products. Steps for, and lessons learned from, implementation of a Logistics Management Information System (LMIS) in three countries are described in detail. This case study may be useful for those planning the logistics management of emerging infectious disease responses.

  • Exercise Eleusis: Simulating management of a zoonotic disease outbreak

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    31/03/2009 2:38:45 PM
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    A case study outlining what worked well in an Australian 2005 exercise simulating an avian influenza outbreak. The exercise was designed primarily to test industry and government's national capability to manage a zoonotic emergency animal disease (EAD) outbreak. This case study provides information useful for planning emergency and preparedness exercises.

  • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Feral Raccoons

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    13/04/2011 1:38:54 PM
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    Although raccoons are susceptible to influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in these animals has not been reported. Horimoto et al performed a serosurvey of apparently healthy feral raccoons in Japan and found specific antibodies to subtype H5N1 viruses. Feral raccoons may pose a risk to farms and public health.

  • Scientific Opinion on monitoring for the emergence of possible new pandemic strains of influenza in animals

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    12/05/2011 4:35:25 PM
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    The study by the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) looked at influenza virus strains circulating among pigs and birds at the global level and concluded that a passive monitoring network in pigs and birds in order to promote greater understanding of the evolution of influenza viruses.

  • Transmission of Avian Influenza A Viruses among Species in an Artificial Barnyard

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    13/04/2011 11:50:03 AM
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    Waterfowl and shorebirds harbor and shed all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A viruses and interact in nature with a broad range of other avian and mammalian species to which they might transmit such viruses. Estimating the efficiency and importance of such cross-species transmission using epidemiological approaches is difficult. Achenbach et al addressed this question by studying transmission of low pathogenic H5 and H7 viruses from infected ducks to other common animals in a quasi-natural laboratory environment designed to mimic a common barnyard.

  • Veterinary Field Epidemiology in Action

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    17/09/2009 2:31:16 PM
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    This study reports on the innovative training course – Field Epidemiology Training Programme for Veterinarians – hosted by the Department of Livestock Development in Thailand, along with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations and the United States Agency for International Development.

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Documents

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  • 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics

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    15/05/2009 11:52:46 AM
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    This article from the online serial Emerging Infectious Diseases analyses events and causes of the 1918 pandemic and implications for future pandemic planning and research. Of particular interest to those seeking a historical perspective for pandemic research and planning.

  • A Description of the Process of Seasonal and H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Virus Selection and Development

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    13/07/2009 1:51:15 PM
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    This 2007 WHO paper describes the many steps involved in the selection and development of seasonal and H5N1 vaccine. A flowchart also indicates the time involved in each stage of the process which may be useful for those drafting or reviewing preparedness plans.

  • Approaches to controlling, preventing and eliminating H5N1 HPAI in endemic countries

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    13/04/2011 2:04:03 PM
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    This document reflects the new knowledge, and provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the specific features of countries in which the disease has become entrenched, and the constraints for its elimination. The paper by FAO focuses on six countries: Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam. The paper also proposes goals for the next few critical years, and a framework of innovative approaches and activities to control and ultimately, eliminate the virus in each of the six countries. It is hoped that this document will be a useful source of information for all countries in implementing measures to prepare for, prevent and control HPAI.

  • Australian Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA)

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    17/10/2008 2:22:09 PM
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    Details pre-agreed arrangements in Australia for combating emergency animal diseases, through cooperation, risk management, maintaining detection and response capability, cost sharing of responses, and training.

  • Australian Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA) Background Information

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    17/10/2008 2:26:00 PM
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    Provides additional background information on the Australian Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA)

  • Avian and Pandemic Influenza: Vietnam's Experience

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    4/06/2010 12:05:08 PM
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    This document, prepared by the Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Vietnamese Ministry of Health for the International Ministerial Conference on Animal and Pandemic Influenza, discusses the emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza and summarises the key issues Vietnam will need to consider in the future to enhance prevention and control of avian influenza and other emerging infectious diseases.

  • Avian Influenza Prevention and Control Strategies

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    15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM
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    A presentation by Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General OIE on avian influenza, including the use of vaccination to the 4th International Conference on Avian Influenza, December 6-8, 2006, Bamako, Mali

  • Bringing the Community Together to Plan for Disease Outbreaks and other Emergencies

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    15/07/2010 12:06:42 PM
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    This guide was developed to assist local leaders and community organisers bring together the community to help plan for disease outbreaks and other emergencies. This publication was produced by the AI.COMM project operated by the Academy for Education Development, and funded by the United States Agency for International Development.

  • ECDC Interim Risk Assessment: Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic

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    27/07/2009 8:16:23 AM
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    The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released an interim risk assessment (14 pp., dated 20 July 2009) of the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic. Includes a summary of disease characteristics, epidemiology and areas of uncertainty, as well as an executive summary.

  • Establishment of International Organization for Standardization accredited mobile diagnostic laboratory to enhance public health response against avian influenza

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    20/07/2009 10:35:06 AM
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    This 2009 paper reports on the success of an innovative rapid-response mobile laboratory service developed in Thailand and designed to reduce the time required for laboratory diagnosis of human influenza A viruses. The paper discusses the potential of the technology for use in pandemic response plans.

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