The Elements

Social & Economic Issues

Strategies to sustain vulnerable livelihoods and incentive schemes that encourage reporting of potential disease situations are critical, yet often pose significant practical and logistical challenges.

Information contained within this element includes:

examples of compensation schemes used in various countries
information on the key issues relating to livestock production and poverty
issues and good practices relating to the implementation of compensation schemes in developing countries
case studies on country approaches to payment of compensation and accountability mechanisms
an FAO paper that discusses the economic rationale for public intervention in responses to transboundary diseases
an analysis by FAO of the economic and social impacts of avian influenza, with a particular focus on Southeast Asia

Case Studies
Documents

Case Studies

A novel anti-influenza copper oxide containing respiratory face mask

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1/07/2010 12:54:04 PM

While protective respiratory face masks protect people from vapor drops carrying viruses and other infectious pathogens, incorrect use and disposal may actually increase the risk of pathogen transmission. This study assesses the efficacy of using copper oxide in respiratory protective face masks to significantly reduce the risk of hand or environmental contamination, and consequent infection. This study was funded by Cupron Scientific, a company that specialises in research and development of medical devices using copper oxide as the active ingredient.
Assessment of Smallholder Indigenous Poultry Producer Viability in Thailand

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11/08/2009 10:53:59 AM

This Pro-Poor working paper discusses a survey-based assessment of the viability of indigenous poultry producers after HPAI in Thailand. Backyard smallholder production remains ubiquitous among the country’s rural poor majority and this group has been adversely affected by both HPAI outbreaks and control measures taken in response to them. This paper offers guidance for the design of more socially-effective responses to HPAI and other animal disease risks.
Avian influenza A (H5N1) in humans: lessons learned from Egypt

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18/06/2010 11:49:41 AM

This study, recently published in Eurosurveillance, examines the recorded cases of avian influenza in humans and explains the epidemilogical significance of the findings.
Compensation and Related Financial Support Policy Strategy for Avian Influenza: Emergency Recovery and Rehabilitation of the Poultry Sector in Vietnam

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22/07/2009 10:44:37 AM

This working paper was produced to support the Vietnamese Government’s efforts to improve its compensation policy implemented immediately subsequent to the AI outbreak of 2004. The paper reports in detail the initial arrangements and stakeholders’ satisfaction with these, and makes numerous recommendations for improvement based on this information. Useful for those interested in lessons learnt about compensation from practical experience.
Household Responses to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009–related School Closures, Perth, Western Australia

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14/01/2010 12:15:23 PM

This case study examines the results from a survey conducted on families affected by pandemic (H1N1) 2009–related school closures in Perth, Australia. School closure is often purported to reduce influenza transmission, but little is known about its effect on families.
HPAI Risk Reduction and Smallholder Poultry Supply Chains – The Case of Thailand

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6/07/2009 9:28:18 AM

This 2009 research brief summarizes findings on smallholder poultry supply chains in three regions of Thailand. Modelled on similar research undertaken in other Mekong countries, this research combined an assessment of local market chains with an evaluation of household poultry purchasing preferences.
Improving the Clinical Diagnosis of Influenza - a Comparative Analysis of New Influenza A (H1N1) Cases

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21/01/2010 12:02:50 PM

The presentation of new influenza A (H1N1) is broad and evolving as it continues to affect different geographic locations and populations. To improve the accuracy of predicting influenza infection in an outpatient setting, the National Medical Research Council funded this comparative analysis of H1N1 (2009) seasonal influenza, and persons with acute respiratory illness (ARI) at the Tan Tock Seng Hospital in Singapore.
Influenza A H5N1 and HIV co-infection

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25/06/2010 1:47:56 PM

This paper was recently published in BioMed Central Infectious Diseases and was funded by the Wellcome Trust UK Major Overseas Programme and the South East Asia Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network. The study investigates the occurrence of influenza A/H5N1 in a 30 year old male with HIV.
Lack of airborne transmission during outbreak of H1N1

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23/10/2009 11:20:54 AM

In June 2009, an outbreak of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) occurred among 31 members of a tour group in China. This case study identifies the mode of transmission and risk factors. The findings highlight the need to prevent transmission by droplets and fomites
Mass psychogenic illness in nation wide in-school vaccination for pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009

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9/07/2010 12:28:28 PM

This article was recently published in Euro Surveillance. It summarises the investigation into 23 clusters of mass psychogenic illness after vaccination in the nationwide in-school vaccination programme against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza in Taiwan.

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Documents

A general review and description of poultry production in Vietnam

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26/10/2009 3:56:17 PM

About 8 million households in Vietnam keep poultry – attributing 19% of household income. This document gives a general overview and description of poultry production in Vietnam.
Avian influenza viruses in humans

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19/02/2010 12:28:22 PM

Influenza viruses are an important cause of human disease. At unpredictable intervals, human influenza viruses undergo antigenic shift and acquire novel surface antigens to which the human population has no prior immunity, leading to an influenza pandemic. This report, written by J.S. Malik Peiris for the OIE Scientific and Technical Review series, examines avian influenza viruses in humans, including experimental infection of human volunteers.
Climate Change: why should health care professionals care and what can they do?

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19/02/2010 12:03:39 PM

The World Health Organisation estimates that 160,000 people died in the year 2000 due to the effect of climate change. This article, written by Public Health Physician Steven Skov, recently published in the Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin, takes a look at local, national and international impacts of climate change on health.
Compensation Programs for the Sanitary Emergence of HPAI H5N1 in Latin America and the Caribbean

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

A 2008 FAO publication that reviews the issue of compensation, analyses the current status in Latin American and Caribbean countries and makes recommendations for the design of an appropriate national strategy.
Controlling avian flu and protecting people’s livelihoods in the Mekong region

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5/11/2008 11:37:20 AM

This 2008 Research Brief is part of the Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Project. It outlines the impacts of HPAI on the most vulnerable groups, and provides a pointer for future research directions for livelihood and poverty-related information around HPAI. The project partners were FAO, RDRC and RVC. Funding was provided by DFID.
Coordinated Implementation of Community Response Measures to Control the Spread of Pandemic Respiratory Disease

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24/07/2009 2:16:09 PM

This guide is for developing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to coordinate cross-sector implementation of community responses (including social distancing) to prevent or limit the spread of a severe, contagious respiratory disease such as pandemic influenza.
Economic and Social Impacts of Avian Influenza

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

An analysis by FAO of the economic and social impacts of avian influenza, with a particular focus on Southeast Asia
Economic Appraisal of Ontario's Universal Influenza Ummunization Program: A Cost-Utility Analysis

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15/04/2010 1:19:15 PM

In July 2000, the province of Ontario, Canada, initiated a universal influenza immunization program to provide free seasonal influenza vaccines for the entire population, the first large-scale program of its kind worldwide. This document reviews an economic appraisal of the program, comparing it to a targeted influenza immunization program, and concluding that universal immunization is estimated to be an economically attractive intervention. The study was supported by an operating grant from the University of Toronto Research Program.
Enhancing Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Developing Countries through Compensation

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21/10/2008 9:06:20 AM

This 2006 report published by the World Bank discusses the purposes of compensation, explores the pitfalls of inappropriate schemes, and makes recommendations based on good practice. The primary target audience includes decision makers in developing countries and their partners in international agencies.
Evaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza

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29/10/2008 2:37:24 PM

This World Bank analysis, updated in September 2008, provides estimates of the economic impacts of a spread of the avian influenza epidemic, and the possible economic consequences of a human influenza pandemic.

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