The Elements

Surveillance - Detect, Confirm & Report

Timely and effective animal health disease surveillance and reporting systems ensure early, reliable detection of potential disease events. Strategies need to be developed to encourage community involvement and commitment to surveillance and reporting (eg. compensation). Protocols need to be established for the sharing of information and the conduct of joint investigations involving animal and human health professionals.

Information contained within this element includes:

techniques for the collection of animal health information
a description of surveillance systems, provided in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, for use in developing surveillance methodologies
guidelines on wild bird surveillance systems.

Case Studies
Documents

Case Studies

Avian influenza shedding patterns in waterfowl: implications for surveillance, environmental transmission, and disease spread

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15/07/2011 1:56:02 PM

Despite the recognized importance of fecal/oral transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza via contaminated wetlands, little is known about the length, quantity, or route of AI virus shed by wild waterfowl. He´naux and Samuel used published laboratory challenge studies to evaluate the length and quantity of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic virus shed via oral and cloacal routes by AI-infected ducks and geese, and how these factors might influence AI epidemiology and virus detection.
Duck Hunters’ Perceptions of Risk for Avian Influenza

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3/09/2010 12:43:44 PM

This survey examines duck hunters’ knowledge, attitude and practices to determine their risk for exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza. This study was published in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infectious Diseases journal.
Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Live-Bird Markets, Indonesia

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1/12/2010 3:29:14 PM

To identify environmental sites commonly contaminated by avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets in Indonesia, 83 markets in 3 provinces in Indonesia were investigated.
Evidence of Infection by H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Healthy Wild Waterfowl

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15/04/2010 1:12:22 PM

This extensive case study has been implemented in the framework of an FAO Technical Cooperation Programme, and has been made possible by additional financial resources received from the governments of France and Sweden. The study monitors the survival and regional movements of H5N2-infected wild waterfowl through satellite telemetry, and provides rare evidence of non-lethal natural infection by a highly pathogenic viral genotype in wild birds.
Five project success factors in developing surveillance capacity in PNG

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24/10/2011 11:38:34 AM

This case study describes how NAQIA and PNG’s Chief Veterinary Officer collaborated with AusAID, the Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry (DAFF) and PNG provincial livestock officers to develop the foundations for a national surveillance system, and identifies a five factors contributing to the project’s success.
International Animal Disease Surveillance

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10/12/2009 4:06:28 PM

This presentation was delivered by Dr Monique Eloit, Deputy Director General of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), at the October Influenza at the Interface Between Humans and Animals Conference. Dr Eloit talks about animal disease surveillance objectives and the criteria for listing a disease. She also discusses important notification procedures and the World Animal Health Information System.
Isolation and characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 from donkeys

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15/07/2010 12:29:37 PM

The highly pathogenic H5N1 is a major avian pathogen that crosses species barriers and seriously affects humans as well as some mammals. This study examines the prospect of H5N1 jumping from poultry to donkeys, and highlights the need for surveillance of H5N1 in animals in the vicinity of backyard poultry units. The study was originally published in the Journal of Biomedical Science.
Melioidosis in Birds and Burkholderia pseudomallei Dispersal, Australia

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30/06/2011 10:49:29 AM

Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which inhabits soil and surface water in the disease-endemic regions of Southeast Asia and northern Australia. The aim of the study by Hampton et al was to assess the potential for wild birds to spread B. pseudomallei. A survey was conducted of wild native finches and doves from the melioidosis-endemic Darwin region, Northern Territory, Australia. Little is known about melioidosis in wild birds.
Migratory birds, domestic poultry and avian influenza

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13/04/2011 11:34:10 AM

The persistence and recurrence of H5N1 avian influenza in endemic regions can largely be blamed on movement and infection by migratory birds. Trade in poultry, poultry products and caged birds, and movement of wild birds also account for H5N1 prevalence in these areas. Bourouiba et al investigate the role of migratory birds in the spread of H5N1 avian influenza, focusing on the interaction of a migratory bird species with nonmigratory poultry.
Promising practices for community-based surveillance (CARE)

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1/06/2009 2:13:54 PM

Experiences from CARE’s work with community-based models of human and avian influenza surveillance in five countries. Details the pros and cons of different models evaluated during pilot projects.

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Documents

ACIAR Survey Toolbox for Livestock Diseases Part 1

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

This publication deals with a series of techniques for the collection of animal health information in developing countries The techniques have been developed to provide high quality information at a minimal cost, taking infrastructure and other constraints into account. The information collected will provide a clear understanding of disease patterns and, in turn, can be used to develop smart, efficient disease control programs.
ACIAR Survey Toolbox for Livestock Diseases Part 2

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

This is the second part of the publication containing Chapters 7 - 9. It covers different types of survey design and results analysis
ACIAR Survey Toolbox for Livestock Diseases Part 3

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

This is the third part of the publication containing chapters 10-12. It contains detailed guidelines for training in disease surveillance activities
ACIAR Survey Toolbox for Livestock Diseases Part 4

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

This is the final part of the publication, containing a glossary, statistical equations and example data collection forms
Annual Threat Report 2009

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15/10/2010 12:49:27 PM

This document published by the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), describes emerging threats that were reported directly, or found through active screening of various sources.
FAO Article on Indonesian PDSR Program

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17/10/2008 3:01:27 PM

A brief outline by FAO of the Participatory Disease Surveillance and Response (PDSR) program in Indonesia and Africa
FAO Guidelines for HPAI Surveillance and Diagnostic Networks in Asia

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17/10/2008 9:04:24 AM

A guide to the principles and minimum requirements for surveillance and diagnosis of H5N1 HPAI, for application by countries and regional networks.
FAO guidelines for surveillance of pandemic H1N1/2009 and other influenza viruses in swine populations

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14/08/2009 8:25:24 AM

A set of guidelines for surveillance of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza and classical swine flu in swine populations designed to help reduce the risk of transmission within the animal population or between animals and humans. These guidelines should be used in conjunction with guidance released by other international technical organizations and national veterinary services.
FAO Technical guides No.4 - Animal Production and Health

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance: Sample collection from healthy, sick and dead birds. Includes chapters on clinical signs of disease, live bird handling, necropsy protocol and sample collection, sample handling and transport, carcass disposal and disinfections and personal safety recommendations.
FAO Technical Guides No.5 - Animal Production and Health

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15/10/2008 2:54:36 PM

Wild Birds and Avian Influenza - An introduction to applied field research and disease sampling techniques. Includes chapters on wild bird capture techniques, bird handling and ringing techniques, disease sampling procedures, surveys and monitoring and radio telemetry methods

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